Importancia de los efectos adversos postanestésicos
Artículo de Revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69825/cienec.v7i31.331Abstract
Introducción: Los avances de la anestesia permiten realizar de forma segura procedimientos quirúrgicos complejos. Sin embargo, los efectos adversos postanestésicos destacan como una preocupación significativa debido a su impacto en la recuperación del paciente, la prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria y el aumento de los costos en salud. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de artículos publicados entre 2015 y 2024 en bases de datos como PubMed, Scielo y ScienceDirect. Se seleccionaron estudios originales, revisiones sistemáticas y guías clínicas que abordaron los efectos adversos postanestésicos, como náuseas, vómitos, dolor, delirio, complicaciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares. Se aplicaron criterios de inclusión basados en la relevancia temática y actualidad de la evidencia. Resultados: La revisión evidenció que los efectos adversos más frecuentes tras la anestesia incluyen náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios, dolor agudo mal controlado, delirio postoperatorio en adultos mayores y complicaciones respiratorias como hipoxemia. Entre los factores de riesgo se incluyen la edad avanzada, enfermedades crónicas, tipo de anestesia utilizada, duración del procedimiento quirúrgico y antecedentes de reacciones adversas. Asimismo, se destacan estrategias como la evaluación pre anestésico riguroso, la selección adecuada de agentes anestésicos y el uso de protocolos multimodales de manejo del dolor y profilaxis de náuseas. Conclusiones: Los efectos adversos postanestésicos se consideran un desafío importante en la práctica clínica actual. Se requiere implementar medidas preventivas y de manejo oportuno para mejorar la seguridad del paciente y optimizar los resultados postoperatorios. Resulta fundamental continuar promoviendo la investigación en este campo para actualizar protocolos y minimizar la incidencia de complicaciones.
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